What are the primary risk factors for gallbladder cancer?

The primary risk factors for gallbladder cancer include gallstone disease and a porcelain gallbladder. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder, and patients with a long history of gallstones have an increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer. A porcelain gallbladder, characterized by calcification of the gallbladder wall, is particularly concerning due to its association with chronic inflammation and potential malignancy.

These conditions create an environment conducive to the development of cancer by causing ongoing irritation and inflammation of gallbladder tissues, leading to cellular changes.

While smoking and obesity, age and dietary fat intake, as well as family history and genetic mutations are all factors that may contribute to various cancers or health issues, they are not directly linked to gallbladder cancer to the same extent as gallstone disease and porcelain gallbladder. Understanding these specific risk factors is essential for identifying individuals who may need closer surveillance for gallbladder cancer.